Increased portal pressure also leads to increased pressure in the inferior hemorrhoidal veins and can lead to the formation of anorectal varices.</spoiler>

* <spoiler text="What is the pathogenesis of Wernicke's encephalopathy?">Wernicke's encephalopathy is caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency. Chronic alcoholics often have poor diets and alcohol inhibits intestinal absorption of thiamine. Thus, some chronic alcoholics can develop Wernicke's encephalopathy which consists of foci of symmetric discoloration, softening, and punctate hemorrhages in the paraventricular regions of the thalamus and hypothalamus, in the mamillary bodies, around the aqueduct in the midbrain, in the floor of the fourth ventricle and in the anterior cerebellum. There is demyelinization and loss of neuropil. Even after treatment with thiamine, there is significant memory deficit.</spoiler>

{{IPLab 12}}

[[Category: IPLab:Lab 12]]